Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into myversion

youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py

@@ -286,6 +286,9 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                        Two-letter ISO 3166-2 country code that will be used for
                        explicit geographic restriction bypassing via faking
                        X-Forwarded-For HTTP header (experimental)
+    geo_bypass_ip_block:
+                       IP range in CIDR notation that will be used similarly to
+                       geo_bypass_country (experimental)
 
     The following options determine which downloader is picked:
     external_downloader: Executable of the external downloader to call.

youtube_dl/__init__.py

@@ -430,6 +430,7 @@ def _real_main(argv=None):
         'config_location': opts.config_location,
         'geo_bypass': opts.geo_bypass,
         'geo_bypass_country': opts.geo_bypass_country,
+        'geo_bypass_ip_block': opts.geo_bypass_ip_block,
         # just for deprecation check
         'autonumber': opts.autonumber if opts.autonumber is True else None,
         'usetitle': opts.usetitle if opts.usetitle is True else None,

youtube_dl/extractor/anvato.py

@@ -277,7 +277,9 @@ class AnvatoIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
-        self._initialize_geo_bypass(smuggled_data.get('geo_countries'))
+        self._initialize_geo_bypass({
+            'countries': smuggled_data.get('geo_countries'),
+        })
 
         mobj = re.match(self._VALID_URL, url)
         access_key, video_id = mobj.group('access_key_or_mcp', 'id')

youtube_dl/extractor/brightcove.py

@@ -669,7 +669,10 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(AdobePassIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
-        self._initialize_geo_bypass(smuggled_data.get('geo_countries'))
+        self._initialize_geo_bypass({
+            'countries': smuggled_data.get('geo_countries'),
+            'ip_blocks': smuggled_data.get('geo_ip_blocks'),
+        })
 
         account_id, player_id, embed, video_id = re.match(self._VALID_URL, url).groups()
 

youtube_dl/extractor/businessinsider.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .jwplatform import JWPlatformIE
+
+
+class BusinessInsiderIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?businessinsider\.(?:com|nl)/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://uk.businessinsider.com/how-much-radiation-youre-exposed-to-in-everyday-life-2016-6',
+        'md5': 'ca237a53a8eb20b6dc5bd60564d4ab3e',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'hZRllCfw',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': "Here's how much radiation you're exposed to in everyday life",
+            'description': 'md5:9a0d6e2c279948aadaa5e84d6d9b99bd',
+            'upload_date': '20170709',
+            'timestamp': 1499606400,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.businessinsider.nl/5-scientifically-proven-things-make-you-less-attractive-2017-7/',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.businessinsider.com/excel-index-match-vlookup-video-how-to-2015-2?IR=T',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        jwplatform_id = self._search_regex(
+            (r'data-media-id=["\']([a-zA-Z0-9]{8})',
+             r'id=["\']jwplayer_([a-zA-Z0-9]{8})',
+             r'id["\']?\s*:\s*["\']?([a-zA-Z0-9]{8})'),
+            webpage, 'jwplatform id')
+        return self.url_result(
+            'jwplatform:%s' % jwplatform_id, ie=JWPlatformIE.ie_key(),
+            video_id=video_id)

youtube_dl/extractor/cloudflarestream.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import re
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+
+
+class CloudflareStreamIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+                    https?://
+                        (?:
+                            (?:watch\.)?cloudflarestream\.com/|
+                            embed\.cloudflarestream\.com/embed/[^/]+\.js\?.*?\bvideo=
+                        )
+                        (?P<id>[\da-f]+)
+                    '''
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://embed.cloudflarestream.com/embed/we4g.fla9.latest.js?video=31c9291ab41fac05471db4e73aa11717',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '31c9291ab41fac05471db4e73aa11717',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '31c9291ab41fac05471db4e73aa11717',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://watch.cloudflarestream.com/9df17203414fd1db3e3ed74abbe936c1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://cloudflarestream.com/31c9291ab41fac05471db4e73aa11717/manifest/video.mpd',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_urls(webpage):
+        return [
+            mobj.group('url')
+            for mobj in re.finditer(
+                r'<script[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//embed\.cloudflarestream\.com/embed/[^/]+\.js\?.*?\bvideo=[\da-f]+?.*?)\1',
+                webpage)]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+            'https://cloudflarestream.com/%s/manifest/video.m3u8' % video_id,
+            video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls',
+            fatal=False)
+        formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
+            'https://cloudflarestream.com/%s/manifest/video.mpd' % video_id,
+            video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': video_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+        }

youtube_dl/extractor/common.py

@@ -346,6 +346,11 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     geo restriction bypass mechanism right away in order to bypass
     geo restriction, of course, if the mechanism is not disabled. (experimental)
 
+    _GEO_IP_BLOCKS attribute may contain a list of presumably geo unrestricted
+    IP blocks in CIDR notation for this extractor. One of these IP blocks
+    will be used by geo restriction bypass mechanism similarly
+    to _GEO_COUNTRIES. (experimental)
+
     NB: both these geo attributes are experimental and may change in future
     or be completely removed.
 
@@ -358,6 +363,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     _x_forwarded_for_ip = None
     _GEO_BYPASS = True
     _GEO_COUNTRIES = None
+    _GEO_IP_BLOCKS = None
     _WORKING = True
 
     def __init__(self, downloader=None):
@@ -392,12 +398,15 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
     def initialize(self):
         """Initializes an instance (authentication, etc)."""
-        self._initialize_geo_bypass(self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
+        self._initialize_geo_bypass({
+            'countries': self._GEO_COUNTRIES,
+            'ip_blocks': self._GEO_IP_BLOCKS,
+        })
         if not self._ready:
             self._real_initialize()
             self._ready = True
 
-    def _initialize_geo_bypass(self, countries):
+    def _initialize_geo_bypass(self, geo_bypass_context):
         """
         Initialize geo restriction bypass mechanism.
 
@@ -408,28 +417,82 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         HTTP requests.
 
         This method will be used for initial geo bypass mechanism initialization
-        during the instance initialization with _GEO_COUNTRIES.
+        during the instance initialization with _GEO_COUNTRIES and
+        _GEO_IP_BLOCKS.
 
-        You may also manually call it from extractor's code if geo countries
+        You may also manually call it from extractor's code if geo bypass
         information is not available beforehand (e.g. obtained during
-        extraction) or due to some another reason.
+        extraction) or due to some other reason. In this case you should pass
+        this information in geo bypass context passed as first argument. It may
+        contain following fields:
+
+        countries:  List of geo unrestricted countries (similar
+                    to _GEO_COUNTRIES)
+        ip_blocks:  List of geo unrestricted IP blocks in CIDR notation
+                    (similar to _GEO_IP_BLOCKS)
+
         """
         if not self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
-            country_code = self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass_country', None)
+
-            # If there is no explicit country for geo bypass specified and
+            # Geo bypass mechanism is explicitly disabled by user
-            # the extractor is known to be geo restricted let's fake IP
+            if not self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass', True):
-            # as X-Forwarded-For right away.
+                return
-            if (not country_code and
+
-                    self._GEO_BYPASS and
+            if not geo_bypass_context:
-                    self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass', True) and
+                geo_bypass_context = {}
-                    countries):
+
-                country_code = random.choice(countries)
+            # Backward compatibility: previously _initialize_geo_bypass
-            if country_code:
+            # expected a list of countries, some 3rd party code may still use
-                self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(country_code)
+            # it this way
+            if isinstance(geo_bypass_context, (list, tuple)):
+                geo_bypass_context = {
+                    'countries': geo_bypass_context,
+                }
+
+            # The whole point of geo bypass mechanism is to fake IP
+            # as X-Forwarded-For HTTP header based on some IP block or
+            # country code.
+
+            # Path 1: bypassing based on IP block in CIDR notation
+
+            # Explicit IP block specified by user, use it right away
+            # regardless of whether extractor is geo bypassable or not
+            ip_block = self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass_ip_block', None)
+
+            # Otherwise use random IP block from geo bypass context but only
+            # if extractor is known as geo bypassable
+            if not ip_block:
+                ip_blocks = geo_bypass_context.get('ip_blocks')
+                if self._GEO_BYPASS and ip_blocks:
+                    ip_block = random.choice(ip_blocks)
+
+            if ip_block:
+                self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(ip_block)
+                if self._downloader.params.get('verbose', False):
+                    self._downloader.to_screen(
+                        '[debug] Using fake IP %s as X-Forwarded-For.'
+                        % self._x_forwarded_for_ip)
+                return
+
+            # Path 2: bypassing based on country code
+
+            # Explicit country code specified by user, use it right away
+            # regardless of whether extractor is geo bypassable or not
+            country = self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass_country', None)
+
+            # Otherwise use random country code from geo bypass context but
+            # only if extractor is known as geo bypassable
+            if not country:
+                countries = geo_bypass_context.get('countries')
+                if self._GEO_BYPASS and countries:
+                    country = random.choice(countries)
+
+            if country:
+                self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(country)
                 if self._downloader.params.get('verbose', False):
                     self._downloader.to_screen(
                         '[debug] Using fake IP %s (%s) as X-Forwarded-For.'
-                        % (self._x_forwarded_for_ip, country_code.upper()))
+                        % (self._x_forwarded_for_ip, country.upper()))
 
     def extract(self, url):
         """Extracts URL information and returns it in list of dicts."""

youtube_dl/extractor/discovery.py

@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ import re
 import string
 
 from .discoverygo import DiscoveryGoBaseIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
+from ..compat import (
+    compat_str,
+    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
+)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     try_get,
@@ -55,6 +58,18 @@ class DiscoveryIE(DiscoveryGoBaseIE):
         video = next(cb for cb in content_blocks if cb.get('type') == 'video')['content']['items'][0]
         video_id = video['id']
 
+        access_token = None
+        cookies = self._get_cookies(url)
+
+        # prefer Affiliate Auth Token over Anonymous Auth Token
+        auth_storage_cookie = cookies.get('eosAf') or cookies.get('eosAn')
+        if auth_storage_cookie and auth_storage_cookie.value:
+            auth_storage = self._parse_json(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
+                compat_urllib_parse_unquote(auth_storage_cookie.value)),
+                video_id, fatal=False) or {}
+            access_token = auth_storage.get('a') or auth_storage.get('access_token')
+
+        if not access_token:
             access_token = self._download_json(
                 'https://www.%s.com/anonymous' % site, display_id, query={
                     'authRel': 'authorization',
@@ -72,7 +87,7 @@ class DiscoveryIE(DiscoveryGoBaseIE):
                     'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + access_token,
                 })
         except ExtractorError as e:
-            if isinstance(e.cause, compat_HTTPError) and e.cause.code == 403:
+            if isinstance(e.cause, compat_HTTPError) and e.cause.code in (401, 403):
                 e_description = self._parse_json(
                     e.cause.read().decode(), display_id)['description']
                 if 'resource not available for country' in e_description:

youtube_dl/extractor/dplay.py

@@ -102,7 +102,9 @@ class DPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         display_id = mobj.group('id')
         domain = mobj.group('domain')
 
-        self._initialize_geo_bypass([mobj.group('country').upper()])
+        self._initialize_geo_bypass({
+            'countries': [mobj.group('country').upper()],
+        })
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 

youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py

@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@ from .brightcove import (
     BrightcoveLegacyIE,
     BrightcoveNewIE,
 )
+from .businessinsider import BusinessInsiderIE
 from .buzzfeed import BuzzFeedIE
 from .byutv import BYUtvIE
 from .c56 import C56IE
@@ -195,6 +196,7 @@ from .clippit import ClippitIE
 from .cliprs import ClipRsIE
 from .clipsyndicate import ClipsyndicateIE
 from .closertotruth import CloserToTruthIE
+from .cloudflarestream import CloudflareStreamIE
 from .cloudy import CloudyIE
 from .clubic import ClubicIE
 from .clyp import ClypIE
@@ -477,7 +479,10 @@ from .internetvideoarchive import InternetVideoArchiveIE
 from .iprima import IPrimaIE
 from .iqiyi import IqiyiIE
 from .ir90tv import Ir90TvIE
-from .itv import ITVIE
+from .itv import (
+    ITVIE,
+    ITVBTCCIE,
+)
 from .ivi import (
     IviIE,
     IviCompilationIE

youtube_dl/extractor/generic.py

@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ from .springboardplatform import SpringboardPlatformIE
 from .yapfiles import YapFilesIE
 from .vice import ViceIE
 from .xfileshare import XFileShareIE
+from .cloudflarestream import CloudflareStreamIE
 
 
 class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -1471,21 +1472,6 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse JSON Expecting value'],
         },
-        # Ooyala embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.businessinsider.com/excel-index-match-vlookup-video-how-to-2015-2?IR=T',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '50YnY4czr4ms1vJ7yz3xzq0excz_pUMs',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'description': 'Index/Match versus VLOOKUP.',
-                'title': 'This is what separates the Excel masters from the wannabes',
-                'duration': 191.933,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 downloads
-                'skip_download': True,
-            }
-        },
         # Brightcove URL in single quotes
         {
             'url': 'http://www.sportsnet.ca/baseball/mlb/sn-presents-russell-martin-world-citizen/',
@@ -2013,6 +1999,19 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'skip_download': True,
             },
         },
+        {
+            # CloudflareStream embed
+            'url': 'https://www.cloudflare.com/products/cloudflare-stream/',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '31c9291ab41fac05471db4e73aa11717',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': '31c9291ab41fac05471db4e73aa11717',
+            },
+            'add_ie': [CloudflareStreamIE.ie_key()],
+            'params': {
+                'skip_download': True,
+            },
+        },
         {
             'url': 'http://share-videos.se/auto/video/83645793?uid=13',
             'md5': 'b68d276de422ab07ee1d49388103f457',
@@ -3025,6 +3024,11 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             return self.playlist_from_matches(
                 xfileshare_urls, video_id, video_title, ie=XFileShareIE.ie_key())
 
+        cloudflarestream_urls = CloudflareStreamIE._extract_urls(webpage)
+        if cloudflarestream_urls:
+            return self.playlist_from_matches(
+                cloudflarestream_urls, video_id, video_title, ie=CloudflareStreamIE.ie_key())
+
         sharevideos_urls = [mobj.group('url') for mobj in re.finditer(
             r'<iframe[^>]+?\bsrc\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//embed\.share-videos\.se/auto/embed/\d+\?.*?\buid=\d+.*?)\1',
             webpage)]

youtube_dl/extractor/go.py

@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
                         'adobe_requestor_id': requestor_id,
                     })
                 else:
-                    self._initialize_geo_bypass(['US'])
+                    self._initialize_geo_bypass({'countries': ['US']})
                 entitlement = self._download_json(
                     'https://api.entitlement.watchabc.go.com/vp2/ws-secure/entitlement/2020/authorize.json',
                     video_id, data=urlencode_postdata(data))

youtube_dl/extractor/itv.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import json
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from ..compat import (
     compat_str,
     compat_etree_register_namespace,
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     xpath_text,
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
+    smuggle_url,
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
 )
@@ -41,6 +43,14 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
         # unavailable via data-playlist-url
         'url': 'https://www.itv.com/hub/through-the-keyhole/2a2271a0033',
         'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # InvalidVodcrid
+        'url': 'https://www.itv.com/hub/james-martins-saturday-morning/2a5159a0034',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # ContentUnavailable
+        'url': 'https://www.itv.com/hub/whos-doing-the-dishes/2a2898a0024',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -127,7 +137,8 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
             if fault_code == 'InvalidGeoRegion':
                 self.raise_geo_restricted(
                     msg=fault_string, countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
-            elif fault_code != 'InvalidEntity':
+            elif fault_code not in (
+                    'InvalidEntity', 'InvalidVodcrid', 'ContentUnavailable'):
                 raise ExtractorError(
                     '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, fault_string), expected=True)
             info.update({
@@ -251,3 +262,38 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': subtitles,
         })
         return info
+
+
+class ITVBTCCIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?itv\.com/btcc/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
+    _TEST = {
+        'url': 'http://www.itv.com/btcc/races/btcc-2018-all-the-action-from-brands-hatch',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'btcc-2018-all-the-action-from-brands-hatch',
+            'title': 'BTCC 2018: All the action from Brands Hatch',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 9,
+    }
+    BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/1582188683001/HkiHLnNRx_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+
+        entries = [
+            self.url_result(
+                smuggle_url(self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % video_id, {
+                    # ITV does not like some GB IP ranges, so here are some
+                    # IP blocks it accepts
+                    'geo_ip_blocks': [
+                        '193.113.0.0/16', '54.36.162.0/23', '159.65.16.0/21'
+                    ],
+                    'referrer': url,
+                }),
+                ie=BrightcoveNewIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
+            for video_id in re.findall(r'data-video-id=["\'](\d+)', webpage)]
+
+        title = self._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=False)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id, title)

youtube_dl/extractor/limelight.py

@@ -282,7 +282,9 @@ class LimelightMediaIE(LimelightBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        self._initialize_geo_bypass(smuggled_data.get('geo_countries'))
+        self._initialize_geo_bypass({
+            'countries': smuggled_data.get('geo_countries'),
+        })
 
         pc, mobile, metadata = self._extract(
             video_id, 'getPlaylistByMediaId',

youtube_dl/extractor/tunein.py

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class TuneInBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return {
             'id': content_id,
-            'title': title,
+            'title': self._live_title(title) if is_live else title,
             'formats': formats,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
             'location': location,

youtube_dl/extractor/tvplay.py

@@ -227,14 +227,16 @@ class TVPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
-        self._initialize_geo_bypass(smuggled_data.get('geo_countries'))
+        self._initialize_geo_bypass({
+            'countries': smuggled_data.get('geo_countries'),
+        })
 
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         geo_country = self._search_regex(
             r'https?://[^/]+\.([a-z]{2})', url,
             'geo country', default=None)
         if geo_country:
-            self._initialize_geo_bypass([geo_country.upper()])
+            self._initialize_geo_bypass({'countries': [geo_country.upper()]})
         video = self._download_json(
             'http://playapi.mtgx.tv/v3/videos/%s' % video_id, video_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
 

youtube_dl/extractor/watchbox.py

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class WatchBoxIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         source = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(
-                r'(?s)source\s*:\s*({.+?})\s*,\s*\n', webpage, 'source',
+                r'(?s)source["\']?\s*:\s*({.+?})\s*[,}]', webpage, 'source',
                 default='{}'),
             video_id, transform_source=js_to_json, fatal=False) or {}
 

youtube_dl/options.py

@@ -249,6 +249,10 @@ def parseOpts(overrideArguments=None):
         '--geo-bypass-country', metavar='CODE',
         dest='geo_bypass_country', default=None,
         help='Force bypass geographic restriction with explicitly provided two-letter ISO 3166-2 country code (experimental)')
+    geo.add_option(
+        '--geo-bypass-ip-block', metavar='IP_BLOCK',
+        dest='geo_bypass_ip_block', default=None,
+        help='Force bypass geographic restriction with explicitly provided IP block in CIDR notation (experimental)')
 
     selection = optparse.OptionGroup(parser, 'Video Selection')
     selection.add_option(

youtube_dl/utils.py

@@ -3569,10 +3569,13 @@ class GeoUtils(object):
     }
 
     @classmethod
-    def random_ipv4(cls, code):
+    def random_ipv4(cls, code_or_block):
-        block = cls._country_ip_map.get(code.upper())
+        if len(code_or_block) == 2:
+            block = cls._country_ip_map.get(code_or_block.upper())
             if not block:
                 return None
+        else:
+            block = code_or_block
         addr, preflen = block.split('/')
         addr_min = compat_struct_unpack('!L', socket.inet_aton(addr))[0]
         addr_max = addr_min | (0xffffffff >> int(preflen))